[1] Emissions
Total CO2eq 2019: Climate Watch
Aviation 2019 (CO2 only): page i in “CO2 Emissions from Commercial Aviation”, 2020, ICCT
Aviation (non-CO2 factor 2): Jungbluth N, Meili C: Recommendations for calculation of the global warming potential of aviation including the radiative forcing index, The international journal of life cycle assessment, 2019 Mar, 24(3):404-11.
Cement 2019: page 216 in Energy Technology Perspectives 2020, IEA
[2] Global material usage
Usage: Monteiro, P., Miller, S. & Horvath, A. Towards sustainable concrete. Nature Mater 16, 698–699 (2017).
Composition of concrete: page 2 in Decarbonizing Concrete: Deep decarbonization pathways for the cement and concrete cycle in the United States, India, and China. Industrial Sustainability Analysis Laboratory, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 2021.
[3] Applications of cement and concrete
Data for cement end-use in the United States: Figure 4.3 in Ruth, Matthias, and Brynhildur Davidsdottir, eds. Changing stocks, flows and behaviors in industrial ecosystems. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2009.
Data for cement end-use in the United Kingdom: Figure 2.17 in Allwood, J. M., Azevedo, J., Clare, A., Cleaver, C., Cullen, J., Dunant, C., Fellin, T., et al. (2019). Absolute Zero.
[4] Cement demand
Forecast to 2050: Figure 4 in IEA (2018), Technology Roadmap – Low-Carbon Transition in the Cement Industry.
Historical data: Figure 1 in Taylor, M., Tam, C. and Gielen, D., 2006. Energy efficiency and CO2 emissions from the global cement industry.
Concrete stock in Germany: Figure 4 in High-Resolution Maps of Material Stocks in Buildings and Infrastructures in Austria and Germany. Haberl et al, Environmental Science & Technology, 2021, 55 (5), 3368-3379.
[5] Emissions
The distribution of emissions is an approximate average from several sources and discussions with industry experts.
Figure 2 (excluding article manufacture) in Drewniok, M., Cullen, J., & Hibbert, A. (2022). Low Carbon Concrete Technologies (LCCT): Understanding and Implementation, EPSRC IAA Final report.
Page 292 in Allwood JM, Cullen JM, McBrien M., Milford RL, Carruth MA, Patel ACH, Cooper DR, Moynihan M (2011) Sustainable Materials: with both eyes open. UIT Cambridge, England. ISBN 978-1-906860-05-9
[6] High-temperature heat
Fuels used today: page 28 in IEA (2018), Technology Roadmap – Low-Carbon Transition in the Cement Industry.
[7] Emissions reduction potential and maturity of proposed solutions
Drewniok, M., Cullen, J., & Hibbert, A. (2022). Low Carbon Concrete Technologies (LCCT): Understanding and Implementation, EPSRC IAA Final report.
[8] Recommendations
Energy Transitions Commission, Mission Possible: Reaching Net-Zero Carbon Emissions from Harder-to-Abate Sectors by Mid-Century, 2018.
Global Cement and Concrete Association, Concrete Future: The GCCA 2050 Cement and Concrete Industry Roadmap for Net Zero Concrete, Roadmap Overview Document, 2021.
Drewniok, M., Cullen, J., & Hibbert, A. (2022). Low Carbon Concrete Technologies (LCCT): Understanding and Implementation, EPSRC IAA Final report.