Hydrogen
[1] Emissions
Total CO2e 2019: Climate Watch
Aviation 2019 (CO2 only): “CO2 Emissions from Commercial Aviation”, 2020, ICCT, p. i
Aviation (non-CO2 factor 2): Jungbluth N, Meili C: Recommendations for calculation of the global warming potential of aviation including the radiative forcing index, The international journal of life cycle assessment, 2019 Mar, 24(3):404-11.
Hydrogen 2018 (CO2 only): “The Future of Hydrogen”, 2019, IEA, p. 38
Hydrogen (Methane emissions): 84 MtCO2e
Natural gas for H2 production (2019): 205 billion m3 (IEA, p.37)
Assumption emissions intensity natural gas production: 70 kgCO2e/boe (IEA)
GWP of methane: 30 (100 year horizon)
[2] Pure Hydrogen production and use 2018
“The Future of Hydrogen”, 2019, IEA, p. 32
Ammonia for non-fertilizer use (approximately 20%) counted towards other.
Future uses: “Net Zero by 2050”, IEA 2020, p. 99
[3] Hydrogen production costs and reductions
Electrolysis cost: “Green Hydrogen Cost Reduction”, IRENA, 2020, p. 91
Assumptions therein: 770 $/kW, 65% efficiency (LHV), 3200 h/y full load, 10% WACC, 10 year life time; reduced to 130 $/kW, WACC 6%
Fossil cost (excluding CO2 price): “The Future of Hydrogen”, 2019, IEA, p. 52
Cement
[1] Emissions
Total CO2e 2019: Climate Watch
Aviation 2019 (CO2 only): “CO2 Emissions from Commercial Aviation”, 2020, ICCT, p. i
Aviation (non-CO2 factor 2): Jungbluth N, Meili C: Recommendations for calculation of the global warming potential of aviation including the radiative forcing index, The international journal of life cycle assessment, 2019 Mar, 24(3):404-11.
Cement 2019: Energy Technology Perspectives 2020, IEA, p. 216
[2] Mass flows in main process of cementmaking
Widths of streams correspond to mass ratios.
Shown are only the masses related to these simplified reaction equations (neglecting other components of Portland cement and coal):
CaCO3 à CaO + CO2
C + O2 à CO2
Energy consumption (simplifying clinker content to 100% CaO): 3000 kJ/kgclinker (ECRA)
Fuel mix is assumed to have an effective overall energy content of 28 MJ/kgC, yielding a total consumption of 107 kgC / tCaO.
Note that non-carbon content is not included in the mass of the fuel material stream.
Aviation
[1] Emissions and passenger growth numbers
Total CO2e 2019: Climate Watch
Aviation 2019 (CO2 only): “CO2 Emissions from Commercial Aviation”, 2020, ICCT, p. i
Aviation (non-CO2 factor 2): Jungbluth N, Meili C: Recommendations for calculation of the global warming potential of aviation including the radiative forcing index, The international journal of life cycle assessment, 2019 Mar, 24(3):404-11.
Demand growth by 2050: IATA
[2] Non-CO2 effects
Note that induced cirrus formation estimates are not shown in the chart.
[3] Technology readiness and potential
Sustainable Aviation Fuels, Bauen et al., Tables I and II
LDES
[1] Electricity emissions and decarbonization with renewables
Emissions: BCG report on green tech
Maximum renewable penetration without storage: Energy storage capacity vs. renewable penetration: A study for the UK, Energy storage needs for the substitution of fossil fuel power plants with renewables
[2] Storage needs UK
Pumped hydro capacity in UK (current and potential): British Hydropower Association
Storage capacity for UK in 2050: Working Paper on Energy Storage – Multi-Year Studies,
Storage capacity for UK now if 100% renewable: Energy storage capacity vs. renewable penetration: A study for the UK
Storage capacity estimates for US: Role of Long-Duration Energy Storage in Variable Renewable Electricity Systems
Storage capacity estimates for Germany: On the economics of electrical storage for variable renewable energy sources
[3] Technology readiness and potential
Energy storage technologies and real life applications – A state of the art review